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In 1948 she started to work as a teacher at the Ibañez Martín School, became director in 1959 and stayed in the position until her retirement. ![]() In 1934 she carried out an important work as manager of the National Girls School Orphanage in Ferrol. One year later, in 1918 she moved to Santa Uxía de Mandiá, a small village close to Ferrol, Galicia, where she serve as a teacher until 1928. There, she married her husband, Andrés Grandal, and had three daughters, Elena, Elvira, and Maria Carmen. In 1917, her municipal council unanimously named her teacher and director of La Pola de Gordón school, located in León. #Outdated atlas initials professional#She studied to become a teacher and started her professional career in the capital of the province as an instructor of stenography, typing and commercial accounting between 19. She was born into a well-off family, as the daughter of Feliciano Ruiz, a pharmacist and Elena Robles, a housewife. Ángela Ruiz Robles, also known as "Doña Angelita", was born on Main Villamanín, León. ![]() Her device was never put into production but a prototype is in display at the National Museum of Science and Technology in A Coruña. #Outdated atlas initials series#Her device consisted of a series of text and illustrations on reels, all under a sheet of magnifying glass with a light for reading in the dark, and was to incorporate spoken descriptions of each topic. Īs someone deeply caring for her students and passionate about education, Ruiz Robles designed her mechanical encyclopedia to lighten the weight of the books carried by her students, make learning more attractive, and adapt learning materials to the needs of each student. In her second patent, 276,364, awarded in 1962, she modified the design to remove buttons and instead include rotational reels that presented the subjects and learning materials. In 1949, Ruiz was awarded Spanish patent 190,698 for mechanisms with buttons that, when activated and pressed, displayed the learning materials. She received two patents related to her “Mechanical Encyclopedia” (Spanish: la Enciclopedia Mecánica). “It was an abuse of the trust placed in him by the patients.”Īfter he resigned in 2014, Bramhall told the BBC that he’d made a “mistake,” in reference to the incidents.Įfforts to contact the law firm RadcliffesLeBrasseur for comment from Bramhall’s lawyer were not successful.Ángela Ruiz Robles (MaVillamanín, León - October 27, 1975, Ferrol, A Coruña) was a Spanish teacher, writer, pioneer and inventor of the mechanical precursor to the electronic book, invented 20 years prior to Michael Hart’s Project Gutenberg, commonly referred to as the true inventor of the e-book, and over half a century before present-day e-books. “Those assaults were wrong not just ethically, but also criminally,” she said in a statement. #Outdated atlas initials free#He is free on bail and will be sentenced on January 12.Įlizabeth Reid, a specialist prosecutor for the Crown Prosecution Service in London, said Bramhall’s actions were “deliberate and conscious.” A Birmingham Crown Court representative said he was charged with assault causing actual bodily harm but pleaded guilty on Wednesday to a lesser charge of assault by beating (beating here refers to the physical act of inscribing the livers, not actually beating the patients). ![]() Surprise, surgeons!īramhall was suspended in 2013 and resigned from his surgical position at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham in 2014. Argon beam coagulators are commonly used during such operations to stop blood flow and resection organs.īramhall’s handiwork didn’t appear to damage either liver, but the Telegraph reported that one of the patients ended up having other complications and that the initials were discovered during a followup procedure. Simon Bramhall, 53, admitted to Birmingham Crown Court that he etched “SB” onto the livers of two transplant patients in 2013 using an argon beam. (Credit: Christopher Furlong / Getty Images)ĭr. Surgeons at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham conduct an operation on June 14, 2006, in Birmingham, England. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.Īn accomplished British surgeon has admitted branding two of his patients’ livers with his initials. This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. ![]()
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